Different Ethnic Groups Essay Example for Free

Different Ethnic Groups Essay Females are now able to achieve more in the education system. This is due to the pattern of achievement. Since the early 90s females have been achieving higher and high and have clearly overtaken males. In 2003/4 the females had taken over males by 20% in achieving 5 or more A*-C GCSE grades. This astronomical gender gap is now causing some sociologists to be concerned in male underachievement in the education system. However, being publicised by the media, males are not underachieving; they are not improving as quickly as females. Sociologists such as Sue Sharpe and Weiner, Arnot and David look at the reasons for the females success. Whereas sociologists, like Paul Willis and Mitsos and Browne suggest reasons for male underachievement. Sue Sharpes study discovered that in the 1970s girls had low expectations and were more likely to become a housewife and mother. They only saw jobs as a means of getting money before they married. When she when she revisited girls in the 1990s, they had higher expectation and saw jobs as careers. Weiner, Arnot and David are cynical about the underachievement of boys. They feel that the concern about the boys underachievement is a reaction against the progress of women. They say that girls are succeeding because of the National Curriculum at GCSE level, but at A-level the subjects are still gendered. Meaning that not many females pick certain subjects therefore limiting the subjects that can do.

Ambiguity and Equivocation in Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

Ambiguity and Equivocation in Macbeth Macbeth's voluntary misinterpretation of the ambiguity and equivocation of the witches relates to the play's theme, which states that uncontrolled desire for power often leads to irregular or violent actions, resulting in death and or destruction. After the first of the witches' prophecies comes true, Macbeth begins to believe in their truth. However, he also believes that the prophecies must all lead to his enrichment and empowerment. To that end, he twists the witches' words to fit his own purposes, ignoring the possibility that the prophecies might have other, less fortunate meanings. This voluntary misinterpretation, committed in pursuit of power, leads Macbeth to perform certain actions which result in the death of the king, Macbeth's friends, and eventually his own death. From the beginning of the play, Macbeth desires great power. Lady Macbeth's statement to Macbeth that "When you durst do it, then you were a man;" (I.vii.55) suggests that she and Macbeth have contemplated and possibly committed murder for the sake of advancement before. Macbeth provides further support for this in his reaction to the witches' prophecy that he will be king. After Macbeth is made Thane of Cawdor, he realizes that the witches were right, and immediately begins to ponder the other part of their prophecy. "My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical," (I.iii.153) he thinks, bringing murder to the front of his mind almost as soon as the witches are proven right. Later in the play, Macbeth's desire for power, encouraged by the witches, leads him to kill the king and assume the throne. Macbeth and his wife use ambiguity and equivocation themselves in pursuit of power. All our service / In every point twice done, and then done double, / Were poor and single business to contend / Against those honors deep and broad wherewith / Your Majesty loads our house. (I.vi.17-21) With this announcement, Lady Macbeth states that if all she could do in his service had been done four times over, it still would not do honor to the king. The ambiguous nature of this statement is that it is true even though she has not done everything she could. It is true, and so she gains the king's trust and goodwill through ambiguous honesty even though she plans to help Macbeth murder him. Macbeth issues a similar statement in the king's presence; he tells him "I'll be myself the harbinger, and make joyful the hearing of my wife with your approach;" his statement, like Lady Macbeth's, is technically true, but bears murderous intent. He will tell

IAS 18 Revenue Recognition

Introduction This assignment features the recognition and measurement of revenue depending on the source of revenue in accordance with the provisions of International Accounting Standards (IAS) 18 Revenue. I researched the topic and defined the special purposes of the assignment: first of all, it is important to know the main concepts of IAS 18, also to learn the rules by using this particular regulatory framework, and to get knowledge about writing the report at all. The Report To: Managing DirectorFrom: Student A Regarding: IAS 18 Date: 3/11/2011 Introduction to the Report The Conference on International Accounting Standard (IAS) 18 Revenue was held to introduce the concepts of the regulatory framework of financial reporting and to represent the given information in convenient use of practice. The objective of IAS 18 is to prescribe the accounting treatment for revenue arising from certain types of transaction and events (Summaries of International Financial Reporting Standards, 20 01). Key definitionAccording to International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC) the Framework Revenue is income that arises in the course of ordinary activities of an enterprise and is referred to by a variety of different names including sales, fees, interest, dividends and royalties (IASC, 2000). So revenue is one of the most important indicators of accounting. It is a key factor of the profit, its assessment helps to build many financial indicators on the profitability of the activities of the organization, as well as return on investment.A key issue when recording revenue is to define the moment of its recognition. Revenue is recognized if it is likely that the organization will receive economic benefits in the future, and these benefits can be reliably measured. IAS 18 specifies conditions where these criteria are met and therefore the revenue recognizes. This standard also provides practical advice on the application of those criteria. Measurement of Revenue In accordance w ith IAS 18 revenue is usually determined by agreement between the supplier and the customer or user of the asset.This means that it is measured at fair value consideration, which the company has received or receivable; trade discounts and volume rebates provided by the enterprise are taken into the amount. The standard defines fair value as â€Å"the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction†. (IASC, 2000) As the fair value is often expressed in monetary terms, the revenue will be the amount that the company has received or receivable. This problem occurs when the incoming payment is deferred.In this case the present value of the payment will be less than its face value. So IAS 18 introduced the following requirement: the company must be discounting. In such circumstances all future receipts should be discounted using the imputed interest rate. The second problem in recogn izing the revenue arises in cases when the company offers its clients discounts for fast calculation. To comply with the requirements of IAS 18, discounts for fast payment should be measured at the time of the sale and deduct from the revenue.In cases when there is an exchange for goods or services similar in nature, cost of revenue does not arise. When exchanging a variety of goods, revenue is measured at fair value of the goods or services received, minus the amount transferred to cash or cash equivalents. Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized with regard to the certain points: the convincing evidence of an agreement with a customer, the delivering goods and the rendering of services. Sale of goodsThere are following criteria to recognize revenue from the sale of goods: * Significant risks and rewards associated with ownership of the goods passed from the seller to the buyer; * The company no longer participates in the management of the property, sold goods and it does not hav e control over them; * The amount of revenue can be reliably assessed; * Costs that should be suffered relating to a transaction can be measured reliably; * There will be probable economic benefits for the enterprise as a result of this operation. Rendering of servicesWhen the outcome of a transaction involving the rendering of services can be reliably estimated, revenue from the sale of services is based on the level of completion of the transaction at the balance sheet date. The outcome of a transaction can be measured reliably when: * The amount of the transaction can be reliably assessed; * There will be probability to get economic benefits for the enterprise as a result of this operation; * Level of completion of the transaction at the balance sheet date can be assessed; * Costs that should be suffered relating to a transaction can be measured reliably.Revenue from the provision of goods and all services is only recognized when the amounts to be recognized are fixed or determin able, and collectability is reasonably assured (Elliot B. , Elliot J. , 2007) Interest, royalties and dividends IAS 18 considers the accounting procedure of potential components of revenue organization primarily from transactions involving the sale of goods, rendering of services, as well as through other organizations or individuals property of the reporting organization, giving interest, dividends or royalties.If the probability of the economic benefits for the enterprise exists and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, income in the form of interest, royalties and dividends are recorded as follows: * Interest (fees that are levied for the use of cash and cash equivalents or amounts owed) should be recognized on a temporary basis, which is proportional to the effective yield of the asset; * Dividends (profit-sharing between the owners of the share capital in proportion to their participation in the capital of a particular class) should be recognized when the shareholders have the right to receive payment; * Royalties (fees for the use of fixed assets such as patents, trademarks, copyrights and computer software payments) should be recognized on an accrual basis according to the content of the relevant treaty. Disclosure requirements IAS 18 contains certain disclosure requirements because it is important to use disclosures to get the decision-useful information about an entity’s arrangements with customers.In the income statement, as well as in the financial statements should be disclosed the following information: a. The amount of each substantive article of the revenue received from the sale of goods, services, as well as the amount of interest, royalties and dividends; b. The amount of revenue arose from exchanges of goods or services; c. The methods used to designate the quantitative measures for the level of completion of the transactions in rendering of services. The disclosure requirements provide sufficient information to users of an entity’s financial statements about the changes in circumstances affecting those performance obligations (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008). Example of Revenue On 1/04/2010 Leather Ltd. eceived total subscriptions of â‚ ¬480,000. So as the result, the company is obliged to provide 24 monthly publications of the magazine. Dr Bank 480,000 Cr Deferred Income account 480,000 On 31/03/ 2011 the company has produced and sent out only 6 of the 24 publications, and the total cost of producing the 24 publications is â‚ ¬180,000. The average cost of each publication is the same amount. That means each publication cost 7,500 (â‚ ¬180,000/24). Consequently, the cost of production 6 publications is â‚ ¬45,000 (â‚ ¬7,500*6). For one year, from 1/04/2010 to 31/3/2011, company produced 6 publications. Therefore, to produce all 24 publications, the company should complete the order in 4 years.Thus, each year Leather Ltd. will earn â‚ ¬120,000 (â‚ ¬480,000/4) selling 6 publications. The organization will receive economic benefits in the future, and these benefits can be measured reliably. So 31/3/2011 revenue of the company is â‚ ¬120,000. Dr Deferred Income account 120,000 Cr Sales account 120,000 Income Statement of Leather Ltd. for the year ended 31st March 2011 Sales 120,000 Cost of production 45,000 Gross profit 75,000 Conclusion of the Report Revenue recognition criteria provided in IAS 18 â€Å"Revenue† should normally be applied to each operation separately.However, in certain circumstances, they must be applied to individual elements of a transaction in order to correctly reflect the sources of revenue. At the same time, on the contrary, recognition criteria can be applied simultaneously to two or more operations when their commercial effect cannot be determined without considering the operations as a whole. The provided conference helps to understand that the general principles of revenue recognition and measurement for financial reporting are extremely essential in the system of accounting rules formed by IAS. Signed: ____________ Conclusion The assignment represents the report that determines the important concepts of the regulatory framework defined by IAS 18 Revenue.While researching the following topic I got useful knowledge about the structure of the report. The assignment gives clear explanations of such terms as â€Å"revenue† and â€Å"fair value†, it also outlines important points of revenue recognition and measurement of the revenue. The assignment covers all information about how to recognize revenue and there is the particular example on revenue recognition. Bibliography ELLIOT, B. , ELLIOT, J. , (2007). Financial Accounting and Reporting. Accounting and reporting on an accrual accounting basis. 11th edition. London: Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd. , p. 26. International Accounting Standards Committee (2000). International Accounting Standards Explained.Accounting fo r revenue and Expenses Revenue. London: Copyright of IASC, p. 321. International Accounting Standards Committee (2000), International Accounting Standards Explained, Accounting for Revenue and Expenses Revenue. London: Copyright of IASC, p 322. Preliminary Views on Revenue Recognition in Contracts with Customer. International Accounting Standards Board, 2008. p. 77 http://www. iasb. org/NR/rdonlyres/0E3D5E00-B961-42F0-BA64-AB1D20BB9FE9/0/DP_PreliminaryViewsRevenueRecognition1208. pdf Accessed: 24 Oct 2011 Summaries of International Financial Reporting Standards. Deloitte, 2001. http://www. iasplus. com/standard/ias18. htm. Accessed: 20 Oct 2011

Career Development in Generation X Essay - 2185 Words

Career Development in Generation X Generation X refers to the population cohort following the Baby Boomers. Sources differ as to the exact years during which this cohort was born. Coupland (1991) suggests 1960 to 1970; Bradford and Raines (1992) propose 1965 to 1975; and Howe and Strauss (1993) suggest 1961 to 1981. Whatever the birth years, it is their common life experiences that give this cohort an identity. Individuals born in Generation X are reputedly more global, technologically oriented, and culturally diverse than the generations before them. Coming of age when the linear career path no longer exists, where average income is falling, and where continuous change is the norm, does this generation have different values, work†¦show more content†¦The twenty somethings of Generation X who are currently in the work force entered the labor market with no expectations. Many of them believe the best years (in terms of society) are behind them (Howe and Strauss 1993). They have been told that they are the only generation since the Civil War to come of age unlikely to match their parents economic fortunes (ibid., p. 7). They place little faith in job security. They saw their parents laid off without cause and their perceptions of the working world were shaped in time of economic turmoil. Consequently, they tend to see every job they take as temporary and every company as a stepping stone to something better, or at least to something else (Filipczak 1994, p. 23). Since they have adopted the philosophy that there are no guarantees, they are not interested in working their way up. They want to be valued immediately for their skills (Bradford and Raines 1992). They see their career strength in their ability to solve problems and do jobs that others are not able to do. They believe that security nowadays comes from the transferability of ones skills to other jobs rather than from advancement in hierarchically managed organizations (Wilkinson 1995, p. 67). They use job hopping as a way to build their skills and make themselves more marketable (Filipczak 1994, p. 27). Although individuals in Generation X may be cynical, they do not lack drive. TheyShow MoreRelatedAuthentic Leadership for Age Diversity800 Words   |  4 PagesAuthentic Leadership for Age Diversity In the article â€Å"Bridging the Gap Between Gen X and Gen Y: Lessons From Authentic Leadership,† the authors highlight the issues of age diversity with a specific focus on issues between Generation X and Generation Y in the United States. They state that there are several attitudes, preferences, and characteristics that define each generation and create a fertile ground for organizational conflict. They argue that the solution for leaders with age diversity dilemmasRead MoreUnderstanding and Managing Generational Differences Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagesgender,culture ,work style, the employee demographics consist of the four generations which are Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation X and Millenials Generations Birth Years Corevalue Prefered Communication Style Traditionalists 1925 to 1945 Clear Direction, Loyal and discipline Memos, Letters, Personal notes Baby Boomers 1946 to 1964 Idealist, Optimistic ,Respect to Authority. Phone calls, Face to Face Gen X 1965 to 1980 Self Reliant ,Work Independently, skeptical to authorityRead MoreThe Common Goals Of Nurses Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesaccomplish clinical objectives of the organization. Multiple Generations Nursing workforce consists of the 4 generations, which are the Traditionalist, Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y. Each generation has it own distinctive personality, beliefs, values and perceptions towards work. Knowledge and technologies has grown significantly, hence, individuals will be able to progress smarter throughout different generations. The young generation may have great education background but may not have muchRead MoreNurses Diverse Cultural Background And Impact On Care Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pagesothers of different cultures or sub-cultures. Age or generation is an essential aspect of workforce diversity. Generation is important because the individuals are born within the same time period, providing common views, and beliefs because of the common exposure at a young age (Rajput, Bali, Kesarwani, 2013). This paper will provide an overview of the four Generations represented in the current workforce today, an overview of the generation that I belong t o, and lastly, an explanation of howRead MoreManaging A Team Of Multi Generational Workers Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pages In today’s world, the problems of managing a team of multi-generational workers can be best described by the difference in the generation in the workforce. This usually is the main reason for conflicts in the workplace but sometimes can be a boon for the employers for the development of an organisation to be more efficient and productive. Authoritative approaches to deal with these inadequate nowadays as these are of differing values and attributes with varying ambitions to either compete or collaborateRead MoreGeneration Y or the Millenials740 Words   |  3 PagesGeneration Y or the Millennials are the terms used to refer to the individuals who were born between early 1980s to early 2000s. The term Generation Y was coined from the fact that the generation preceding the Millennials was known as Generation X. This group comprises the largest number of people entering the workforce in the contemporary world. This generation has some of the characteristics that were not exhibit ed by most previous generations that include being soft, family centered, achievementRead MoreInfluence of New Technologies in the Generation Gap1088 Words   |  5 Pagesa younger generation and their seniors. Each generation developed in a different period, with different ways of living and with different ideals. Although these differences have been present throughout history, old generations have to be confronted at the cultural change which affects the actual society, particularly with the new generations X and Y. The basic purpose of this paper is to show that the development of medias and new technologies have a great influence on the Generation Gap. All theseRead MoreGenerational Differences: Generation X and Generation Y1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe hottest topic of conversation is between two generations is superiority. The Generation X argues that Generation Y is getting everything in their plate without having to work for it. The millenials counter that by saying that technological know how is the need of the day and nobody survives bereft of that. This is what the older generations lacks and finds it difficult to cope with the times. Hence the millenials consider themselves better. But is this argument really valid? Are the criteriaRead MoreThe Neverending Process of Career Planning1106 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction : Career planning is an endless process of learning and improvement, which involves personal development and managing the future opportunities..In the society we live in, choosing a scientific career organizes itself professional standards of practice and ethics. Moreover,it ensures continuous generation of knowledge.The process of career planning involves taking control and managing your career so that you are making the right decision for your next career move.This means knowingRead MoreDemocratic Leadership Is Better And More Suitable Approach1575 Words   |  7 PagesThe workforce nowadays is flocked with Generation Ys/Millennials. A generation that is self-expressive, knowledgeable and feels entitled. This tech-savvy generation will be a powerful workforce if managed properly. Millennials want to be valued as individuals and have chances to channel their creative ideas. Autocratic leadership with its dominant and authoritative style is more likely to cause counterproductive wor k behavior in millennials. Democratic leadership, which Millennials could participate

Coffee And Its Effects On Health - 1472 Words

Introduction The coffee bean is one of the big sources of caffeine and coffee is the most famous beverage all around the world. Coffee plants are now cultivated in over seventy countries such as Asia, India, and Africa. In 2013/14 Brazil as the leader in the production of green coffee was 8.9 million tons, followed by Vietnam, Indonesia, Colombia and India and overall record is 150.5 million bags and it was increased in previous years. Currently, coffee has become more trendy in new generation than previous generations, the majority of adolescent caffeine consumers intake amount more than the amount needed it. coffee contained ingested to relieve or prevent drowsiness and to improve performance during sleep deprivation. Like every Drug, advantages and disadvantages, coffee has some positive and negative effects on health, dependents amount of consumption. For example coffee may confer a moderate positive effect of some major disease, including Parkinson s disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, certai n types of cancers, it may protect people from liver cirrhosis, and it can be used to treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity, during therapy. It may help to gain the weight and decreases the incidence of cerebral palsy and cognitive delay. Caffeine also treats apnea of prematurity as a primary treatment, not a prevention. Some studies show that non-decaffeinated coffee over 5 cups per day may have a positive effect on cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery diseaseShow MoreRelatedCoffee And Its Effects On Health1383 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The coffee bean is one of the big sources of caffeine and coffee is the most famous beverage all around the world. Coffee plants are now cultivated in over seventy countries such as Asia, India, and Africa. In 2013/14 Brazil as the leader in the production of green coffee was 8.9 million tons, followed by Vietnam, Indonesia, Colombia and India and overall record is 150.5 million bags and it was increased in previous years[1]. Currently, coffee has become more trendy in new generationRead MoreCoffee And Its Effects On Health1366 Words   |  6 Pagesamount needs it, coffee is a big part of their life. the coffee bean is one of the big sources of caffeine and coffee is the most famous beverage all around the world[2]. coffee plants are now cultivated in over seventy countries such as Asia, India, and Africa. Currently, Coffee s become more trendy in new generation than previous generations, it’s totally addicting, also contained ingested to relieve or prevent drowsiness and to improve performance during sleep deprivation. Coffee is moderately containedRead MoreThe Health Effects Of Coffee Consumption1181 Words   |  5 PagesThe health effects of coffee consumption have been controversial for many years. My claim is that moderate coffee consumption is beneficial for health. Moderate amount of coffee can possibly prevent people from some disease risks, provide high content of antioxidant for people and improve physical performance as well as brain functions. Too much coffee consumption may have adverse effects on health. Thus, the amount of coffee should be moderate in order to maximize the positive health effects. IntroductionRead MoreThe Effects Of Coffee Drinking Coffee On A Person s Health2327 Words   |  10 PagesCoffee comes in many varieties and is a very complex beverage with several hundred compounds and nutrients, some being beneficial while others are not. There are several benefits that may come from drinking coffee, ranging from better moods to possible cancer and disease protection. However, coffee may also be harmful, causing health problems or possible addiction. Also, the effect coffee has on a person’s health, mood, etc. depends on the variety of the coffee. Additionally, coffee is not recommendedRead MoreLiquid Energy : Examining The Health Effects Of Coffee1817 Words   |  8 PagesEnergy: Examining the Health Effects of Coffee Americans love coffee. People all around the world have enjoyed this wonderful beverage for centuries. From the very strong brews of Cuba, Turkey, and Italy, to the American Lattes and Cafà © Mochas, the love of coffee is pancultural. We as Americans are very enthusiastic in our obsession with this delicious and sometimes addictive drink. According to the Harvard School of Public Health, â€Å"54% of Americans over the age of 18 drink coffee every day,† and â€Å"AmericansRead MoreHealth Benefits And Side Effects On The Consumption Of Coffee2973 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction The consumption of coffee is an essential staple to start an early morning in the United States and worldwide (Freedman et al. 2012). Like coffee, caffeine is a component that also can be present in energy drinks, tea, and pre-workout supplements. But to be specific, coffee, according to statistics has over 150 million people who drink an average of 3.2 cups of coffee daily, which means that about 400 million cups of coffee every day is consumed. (Patil et al. 2011) For some peopleRead MoreIs Drinking too much Coffee Bad or Good? Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough coffee is viewed as a food item, it can be used to understand the rhetoric’s of health, addiction and as a drink. The genus coffea produces berries that are used to obtain coffee. The commercially exploited species are coffea Arabica and coffea robusta. Coffea Arabica is the most used species that is used to extract coffee. This type is found in the highlands of Ethiopia, Sudan and Kenya and produces high quality coffee. The earliest consumption of coffee is believed to have been by theRead MoreCoffee Daily: Windows to the World1571 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world wake up to a cup of coffee but is this harmful or beneficial? Research shows that the pros to coffee, at responsible amounts per day, outweigh the cons or negative effects of coffee and even have the same effects as medicines given over the counter at pharmacy or even prescribed by a pharmacist. Many people just drink coffee without even knowing the location of where coffee began but this can be very crucial to the understanding to finding the benefits of coffee. â€Å"In the Ethiopian highlandsRead MoreCaffeine, Caffeine And Health Benefits Between Coffee And Energy Drinks And How They Each Affect Brain Function1242 Words   |  5 Pagespeople either enjoy to drink a cup of coffee, an energy drink, or sometimes both. People drink these without any knowledge of them other than the fact that they contain caffeine. How much caffeine do they contain though? Are these drinks even considered to be healthy for humans? There are various differences in the nutritional facts, caffeine absorption, and health benefits between coffee and energy drinks and how they each affect brain function. Black coffee is typically composed of caffeine, potassiumRead MoreDifferent Types Of Teas That Have Different Purposes For The Body Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesall have drank or tasted coffee and/or tea. Some people love the taste or the effects coffee or tea can have on our bodies. Coffee is very effective on the body, people drink coffee to help them get going every morning. There are several different types of teas that have different purposes for the body. Tea was first discovered when a dried leaf landed in Chinese Emperor Shen Nung’s bowl of water changing the color of it in 2737 B.C. (When was tea invented?, 2016). Coffee was discovered in Ethiopia

Brunelleschis Dome Essay - 733 Words

Book Review Summary: The book that I read was Brunelleschis Dome by Ross King. This book summarized the story of how Filippo Brunelleschi was a genius in architecture during the Renaissance and the mastermind behind creation and completion of the dome in the Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral. Brunelleschi started out his skilled life as a goldsmith in San Giovanni. A career as a goldsmith was very popular at the time by other great artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello. Being a goldsmith inspired Brunelleschi to create and sculpt things. When Brunelleschi was done mastering the skills of metal work, he began working on gears, and then on to clocks. Later he found out that all the traits he learned became very useful for his†¦show more content†¦He also had a fierce feud with another sculptor by the name of Lorenzo Ghiberti. During all of this Brunelleschi not only built the dome in the Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral (what today is still the biggest dome in the world), but mechanical marvels of worker platforms and lifts that managed to carry workers and hundreds pounds of materials hundreds feet in the air over the course of 28 years with only a single death. This showed how Brunelleschi was a mastermind in architecture and how he revived it. Critique: I found this book very interesting and well written because the author did a good job of incorporating pervious events and background information with main events and interesting facts about Brunelleschi. This book restated how serious the arts were in the Renaissance, how people lived then, how much changed took place, and the Florence was a main place in the Renaissance. Another thing I noticed was that the author supported the subject of the book very well, he didnt only state facts strictly about Brunelleschi, but also about the different sides and how life was during that time. Because of that I found the book to be very interesting and enjoyable because it made me want to keep on reading to find out what Brunelleschi had to go through and what his inspirations were to do this. I also think that the author incorporated a lot ofShow MoreRelatedBrunelleschis Dome1338 Words   |  6 Pagesday entrepreneur in the Middle Ages. He is the architect and innovator responsible for building the Santa Maria del Fiore, arguably the greatest dome ever built. In the years leading up to and during the construction of the dome, his life was surrounded by managerial aspects. There were several critical success factors for the construction of the dome including access to financial resources, raw materials, and product equipment. The building of the Santa Maria del Fiore was not something thatRead MoreThe Pantheon in Rome and the Candi Prambanan in Indonesia2217 Words   |  9 Pagesstructure of this Roman Temple the ground around the Pantheon gradually raised and gives the appearance of The Pantheon settling into the ground.6 The Pantheon resides three major architectural components: the porch, the triangular pediment and the dome. The octastyle porch consists of eight smooth Corinthian columns made of gray marble, which hold up the triangular pediment.9 References have shown archaeologists’ that at one point in history the triangular pediment was embellished with sculpturesRead MoreThe Renaissance Was A Creative Period974 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand their subjects. Some artists even became obsessed with this perfection. One artist who played a significant role in the renaissance and Florence is Filippo Brunelleschi. He was one of the first great architects of the Renaissance. Without Brunelleschi’s contributions the renaissance would have been very different. The Renaissance in Florence began with the Baptistery Competition. The Baptistery is one of the three spiritual centers of Florence. It included three entrances and was cherished byRead MoreReading Comprehension Questions On The Dome1051 Words   |  5 Pagesthe dome? No one knew how to build a dome that was so far across and they didn’t know if the dome would stay up without flying buttresses and pointed arches. They also didn’t know if there was enough timber in Tuscany for the scaffolding and templates that were necessary for shaping the dome’s masonry. There was also a chance that the dome would collapse inwards. 2. Who and how was it decided, who would build the dome? The Florentine Fathers decided to hold a contest to find the ideal dome designRead MoreArt History: Filippo Brunelleschi Scuptor and Architect of the Renaissance Period1378 Words   |  6 Pageshe also invented new technology that would allow for his structures to be built. What would happen if Brunelleschi never designed architecture? We would have lost his inventions, his structures, and all of the work he inspired in other artists. Brunelleschi’s career path changed from sculpture to architecture after his loss to Ghiberti during the competition for the Eastern Doors of the Florentine Baptistery. If Brunelleschi had won that competition, architecture and art in the Renaissance, and evenRead MoreAnalysis Of Brunelleschi s The Tower 1103 Words   |  5 PagesBrunelleschi s Dome Persistence is key when it comes to building any kind of structure that is meant to a great one. In everything you do in life you must be persistent to accomplish it the right way and to their fullest capability.In 1418 the town leaders in Florence announced a huge problem they have been putting off for years. That problem was that there was an enormous hole in the top of their church. As time went on the winter rains and summer sun had washed over Santa Maria del Fiore’s highRead MoreEarly Renaissance Vs. Renaissance Architecture1502 Words   |  7 Pagesthree-dimensional object on a two dimensional surface. Brunelleschi’s development of spatial representation had an immense effect on art, architecture, and civic design during and after this period. In the year 1407, many architects sought out for advice on the Florence Cathedral dome. Arnolfo and Talenti constructed the cathedral with Gothic characteristics such as pointed arches and ribbed vaults atop piers. They i ntended to construct a dome nearly reaching 150 feet, but no one had the techniquesRead MoreThe Importance Of Neoclassical Architecture In Europe1077 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of Europe. In the early 15th century, the style of the Renaissance architecture originated, and after spreading throughout Europe replaced the Medieval Gothic style. Many ancient Roman forums such as the column, round arch, tunnel vault and the dome, were used to mark a rebirth of classical culture during the Renaissance period. Architects studied different theories and practices of the Roman ancestors. They developed their style by examining ancient ruins in Italy, France and Spain. ArchitectsRead MoreThe Early Renaissance Er A Period Of Inventions, Revolutions And Daring Outside The Box Thinking986 Words   |  4 Pagesto his work. He applied various techniques and elements from eras before him to create the dome for the Cathedral of Florence (1420-36). First, building up the dome in a succession of horizontal courses, similar to the pantheon. Borrowing techniques/devices from the baptisteries of Risa and Florence and giving it a double shell to reduce weight. Adapting Gothic ways by stretching the outer skin of the dome over a frame of twenty-four ribs. And finally, having a pointed arch to differentiate it fromRead MoreArchitecture Of Europe During The Eighteenth Century2650 Words   |  11 Pagesarchitecture, we now explore a few of his major works. Firstly, the ambitious Florence Cathedral project took place at the end of thirteenth century and intended to have a dome which exceeds the Romanesque cathedral of Pisa in size. However, this proved to be a massive challenge for many architects to obtain a solution of how to construct a dome with nearly 150 feet on the diagonal. Construction of this size was never attempted during the medieval period, but Brunelleschi relied upon his knowledge from ancient

Telecommunication Management Network Organization

Question: Discuss about the Telecommunication Management Network Organization. Answer: Introduction The report focuses on the organization Telecom Australia which has network management environment across Victoria. The organization faces challenges in providing services to the customers due to expensive as well legacy tool sets. The organization also wants to expand their customer base and therefore they want to provide better customer experience to the customers in the marketplace. For this, the organization wants to research telecommunication network software, which can be helpful in providing service assurance platform considering TMN and FCAPS. The report illustrates various protocols in the TMN architecture model, fault management process, fault identification, configuration state and software network of the level resources. The report also discusses disaster recovery plan, quality of service management and identification of various monitoring parameters in the fault management model. Identification of various protocols in the TMN architectures model The TMN architecture is defined as an approach of hierarchical telecommunication management. The main aim of the architecture model is to divide the various functional areas or regions of management into various protocols (Kim and Feamster 2013). The TMN architecture model helps in identifying different protocols in the functional level of telecommunication management. The protocols of TMN architecture model includes Business Management Layer, Service Management layer, Network Management Layer, Element Management Layer and the Network Element Layer (Ghezzi, Cortimiglia and Frank 2015). The protocols are described below: Network Element Layer: The network management layer helps in defining various interfaces of the network elements that helps in instantiating different functions, which are associated with device instrumentation (Mijumbi et al. 2016). They also assist in covering all the areas related with FCAPS. Element Management Layer: It helps in providing various management functions for connecting different network elements on an individual or in the group. It also assists in supporting an abstraction of different functions, which are provided by different network element layer (Han et al. 2015). The examples include determination of various equipment error, measuring temperatures of device, collection of various statistical data for accounting purpose and notification of various logging event as well as performance statistics. Network Management Layer: It helps in offering a holistic view of the network between the various pieces of equipment as well as independent types. It helps in managing a network, which is generally supported by the element management layer (Bolla et al. 2013). The examples of network management layer include end-to-end report of network utilization, root cause analysis as well as traffic engineering. Service Management Layer: It generally deals with various contractual aspects of services, which are provided to the customers. The main functions of this layer include service creation, handling of orders, implementation of service, monitoring of service, handling of complaint as well as invoices (Dotcenko, Vladyko and Letenko 2014). Examples of service management layer include QoS management, VPN and monitoring as well as verification of SLA. Business Management Layer: The layer is responsible for total enterprise. The protocol is considered as a goal setting approach. The information as well as data is related with the level of abstraction addresses of the objectives (Cohn et al. 2013). TMN implementation and standards provide proper specification, which are related with all the protocols except BML. Analyzing the fault management process and fault identification Fault management in telecommunication management network includes all the procedures as well as processes that are required for handling various systems for responding properly to the complaints of the customers. The fault management process includes the following: Alarm: TMN must have the capability of monitoring the failures of NE in real time. Indication is generally created by NE when a failure occurs. TMN helps in determining both the severity as well as nature of the fault basing (Wood et al. 2015). It also helps in determining the effect of various fault on the services which are supported by the fault equipment by using two methodologies. Correction: The procedure of automatic restoration from NE to TMN helps in indicating a specific line, equipment, service as well as system that helps in switching the protection procedures of NEs. Telecommunication management network requests NE so that they start hot-standby procedures for the system for letting a redundant unit that is further helpful in minimizing disruption (Monza et al. 2016). Reloading process includes a request to NE from telecommunication management network for reconstructing a system or a service from a specific dumb record. Reload report is the procedure of reporting a service or a system from NE to TMN. Testing: The procedure of testing can be completed using two ways. In the first way, a TMN orders a NE for carrying out analysis about the circuit as well as characteristics of the equipment. The procedure is entirely done with the NE. The results of testing are provided to the TMN automatically as well as immediately on a delayed basis. Another procedures analysis is completed within the TMN (Forbes Causam Energy 2016). It assists NE for providing proper as well as effective access to the different circuit and it is analyzed that there are no more messages which are exchanged with the NE. The main purpose of fault identification within a specific system is to identify various replaceable units. The level of granularity is fully dependent on the system under some specific consideration (John et al. 2013). The fault identification technique includes experienced based technique and model based technique that involves models of some expected system as well as behavior. Description of the configuration state and software level of the network resources Configuration state helps in providing proper as well as effective functions for exercising control, proper identification, collection of data and providing effective data to NEs. It includes the following: NE installation: Telecommunication management network helps in supporting the installation of equipment that assists in generating telecommunication networks. It helps in covering the extension as well as reduction of a system. Some of the NEs call in order to exchange data between themselves and TMN (Lara, Kolasani and Ramamurthy 2014). Another example, is the installation of various programs into NE Provisioning: It consists of different procedures, which are needed for bringing equipment inside the device including the process of installation. The supporting programs are generally initialized with the help of TMN when the unit is ready for providing service (Peng et al. 2013). The various state of service including in-service, out-of-service, stand-by as well as selected parameters are controlled by provisioning different functions. It mainly comprises of NE configuration, NE administrative functions and NE database management. NE status as well as Control: The TMN helps in providing proper capability for monitoring as well as for controlling various aspects of NE. TMN will be helpful in enabling the exclusion for some faulty equipment as a result it assists in rearranging as well as re-route traffic. (Kanode et al. 2013). It helps in enabling the entry of various proposed configuration for automatically analyzing the feasibility of the design before implementing it. It generally includes generic NE status as well as control functions, message-handling systems as well as network status, leased circuits as well as transmission network status. The management information modeling consists of an abstraction of the management aspect of network resources and the associated support management activities. The network resources present helps in determining the various scope of information and data which can be exchanged in a standardized manner (de Assis et al. 2014). The network architecture also helps in providing a set of generic components for network resources. The components also provide high-level abstraction of resources that is connection. It is mainly used by several service applications for providing the network resources to the management. Development of a disaster recovery plan for a telecommunication network with required procedures and policies The disaster recovery plan for a telecommunication network includes the following steps: Constitute a Disaster Recovery Team: The organization Telecom Australia should form a DR team for assisting the entire disaster recovery operations. The team must comprise of core member from all departments of the organization with representative from the top management of Telecom Australia (Tingfang et al. 2015). The team members must be responsible for overseeing the implementation as well as development of the DR Paln. Performing risk assessment: Proper risk analysis as well as business impact analysis must be conducted which includes various possible disasters both natural as well as man-made. Various disaster scenarios must be conducted for determining the security of various crucial resources. Prioritizing various processes as well as operations: The critical requirements of the organization that is pertained to each department must be determined properly with respect to various data, documentation, service as well as processes (Sun et al. 2015). They must be categorized properly depending on the priority essential, non-essential as well as important. Data Collection: Complete data about Telecom Australia must be collected as well as documented. The documentation must include inventory of forms, proper policies as well as procedures, communications, equipments, applications, systems as well as various retention schedules. Creation of Recovery Plan: The DR plan must be generated in a standard format for enabling various detail procedures. All significant procedures must be outlined completely for explaining the plan (Yu et al. 2014). The plan helps in providing systematic information about the disasters. It must all includes different procedures for maintaining as well as updating the plan. Plan Testing: The disaster recovery plan is mainly developed as well as tested in order to enhance the efficiency. It also assists in providing a platform where proper analysis can be done for making proper adjustments in the plan (Mavromoustakis et al. 2015). The plan should be tested using test like simulation test, parallel test, full interruption test and many more. Quality of Service or Service Level Agreement management for supporting different modes of accounting and alarm handling Quality of Service as well as Service Level Agreement management is needed for supporting various modes of accounting as well as alarm handling. Quality of service data is generally needed by the Telecommunication management network from NE either with the help of threshold or with the help of schedule (Lara, Kolasani and Ramamurthy 2014). It comprises of raw data, which either are required in order to process in a TMN or in a NE, which is very much capable of analyzing the data before the report, is forwarded. Quality of Service includes monitoring as well as recording of various parameters, which are associated with establishment, retention as well as quality of connection for cooperating properly with the fault management in order to establish possible failure of resources. It also cooperates with various configuration management for changing routing as well as load parameters for links. Element Management Systems helps in detecting the performance threshold crossings, which include SLIPS and BERs, which further assist in forwarding those to the fault manager of NML (Kim and Feamster 2013). This data helps in identifying various degrading facilities before they become apparent to various customers. It also helps in storing the performance measurement data from NEs in order to make it available to EMA report generators to various SML performance management as well as QoS systems. EMSs sometimes help in providing the capability to perform various diagnostics depending on the ability of NE as well as EMS. It is related with various communication facilities on a scheduled as well as demand basis (Ghezzi et al. 2015). Quality of service components is fully dependent on the ability of pinpointing the cause of a problem quickly for repairing the resources quickly. The main objective is to achieve the minimum mean time in order to repair the MTTR. In some situations, the procedure of repair can be done from either by NOC or by a customer under the direction of NOC technician (Yaz?c?, Kozat and Sunay 2014). It also helps in reflecting the application of cable telephony for diagnosing the RSU on the customer house. It also helps in performing tests for determining the problem in the customers telephone equipment or inside wiring. Identification of monitoring parameters in fault management context The availability of the system is compromised if the failure of the system is not handled correctly. In order to ensure availability of various computing resources, it is quite important to have an effective framework for fault management. An ARMA model is utilized as a parameter prediction method for the framework (Dotcenko, Vladyko and Letenko 2014). The fault management framework helps in predicting the future state of a system by utilizing some components or parameters. The five parameters that are utilized by the framework include monitoring module, pre-processing module, availability analysis module, resource manager module and migration module (Monza et al. 2016). The different modules are connected with the database of the system for storing as well as retrieving various predicted as well as historical data. The monitoring module helps in capturing various set of hardware parameters from each of the physical machine. The different parameters of fault management are observed p eriodically, which is dependent on a predefined interval. ARMA model of time series are mainly utilized in order to formulate a system model for predicting various future value of the systems. Results from the model are used for analyzing availability by the fault tree. Fault tree helps in analyzing the structure, which is mainly utilized in reality analysis field. The prediction model is generally created with the help of the data training set. When the real time data is analyzed with the help of the monitoring module, it is mainly fed in order to predict with the help of ARMA prediction model that is generally formulated in the Availability Analyzing module (Yaz?c?, Kozat and Sunay 2014). The output is fed into the module for storing data back into the database of the system. The leaf nodes as well as fault tree are mainly helpful in analyzing the threshold value in order to collect various parameters for calculating the state. Conclusion It can be concluded that proper research about the telecommunication network software, helps in providing proper service assurance platform considering TMN and FCAPS. The telecommunication management network not only helps in resolving the issues which are associated with the challenges in providing services to the customers due to expensive as well legacy tool sets. It also assists in expanding the customer base of the organization for providing better customer experience to the customers in the marketplace. It is analyzed that the assignment also provides proper information about development of a disaster recovery plan for a telecommunication network with required procedures and policies. Proper fault management is created in order to resolve the challenges that occurred due to improper fault management. It is identified that fault management includes all the procedures as well as processes that are required for handling various systems for responding properly to the complaints of the customers. In order to ensure availability of various computing resources, it is quite important to have an effective framework for fault management. 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